MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS OF WILD BOAR IN SUB-TROPICAL CHIR PINE FOREST

The current study was conducted in May & June 2021 in Tanglai State Forest which is a Sub-Tropical Chir Pine Forest Type, the key species are: Common Leopard (Pathera pardus), Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), Jackals (Canis aureus), Rhesus Monkey (Macaca Mulatta), Kalij Pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos), Flying Squirrels (Pteromyini). In KPK, Wild Boar is found mostly in the west of Indus around Peshawar, Mardan Bannu, D.I Khan etc. In this paper; it is recommended that the presence of Wild Boar and the way they may affect their habitat should be monitored because its population multiplies so fastly having high reproduction potential i.e. reaching sexual maturity as early as six (06) months of age, therefore, it is required to be managed in the habitats, the aim of such control should


The current study was conducted in May & June 2021 in Tanglai State
Forest which is a Sub-Tropical Chir Pine Forest Type, the key species are: Common Leopard (Pathera pardus), Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), Jackals (Canis aureus), Rhesus Monkey (Macaca Mulatta), Kalij Pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos), Flying Squirrels (Pteromyini). In KPK, Wild Boar is found mostly in the west of Indus around Peshawar, Mardan Bannu, D.I Khan etc. In this paper; it is recommended that the presence of Wild Boar and the way they may affect their habitat should be monitored because its population multiplies so fastly having high reproduction potential i.e. reaching sexual maturity as early as six (06) months of age, therefore, it is required to be managed in the habitats, the aim of such control should be to bring Wild Boar population into balance on particularly sensitive sites or in response to disease control. Moreover, this work is also aimed to suggest wild boar management to the authorized department, these approaches of management will be profitable to mitigate its adverse damages to the agricultural crops, forest crops, human beings, livestock i.e. wildlife conflicts. The Wild Boars are capable of breeding during all seasons, but the peak breeding season of this animal is from July to October. The gestation period is about 15 weeks and females produce their first litter between 1 & 2 years. Females breed more than once in a year and usually give birth to 4 -6 young ones.
The Wild Boars can live in many different habitat types throughout a landscape or region ranging from hot, dry & desert.
Tanglai Reserve Forest falls in the category of Sub-Tropical Chir Pine Forest which has Pinus roxburgii as its main species which is replaced by Pinus willichiana at the top, besides Quercus incana, Robinia pseudoacacia, Pyrus pashia, Punica granatum, Syzigium cumini are the associated species. The depressions of the state forest are densely occupied by Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus incana and such dense vegetation favours the breeding habitat of wild boar in the Sub-Tropical Chir Pine Forest. Islam prohibits edible uses of wild boars and this prohibition is based on hadith of Prophet (PBUH) received from Abu Huraira (R.A) and narrated by Imam Muslim (R.A) who said "every wild animal that has canine is forbidden to eat". Being an Islamic Country with strong religious beliefs, all muslims in Pakistan are reluctant to see a pig, whether in captivity or in wild, alive or dead, and usually refers to it by an indirect name.
However, despite having the image of pest the presence of wild board as a species is essential for ecosystem and its complete removal may affect the life of other creatures.

Materials & Methods:-
Both the Primary as well as Secondary Data have been used for assemblage of information for this study and in that connection Questionary Based Assessments from concerned department & community of Tanglai Reserve Forest in Siran Forest Division District Mansehra, The Pug Mark Survey & the Scat Survey and the Wildlife Conflict Data Collection Methods were adopted. The Damage Assessment of wild boar in this study was calculated with Inch Tape. The areas of the study were visited in summer season under the guidance of lower staff of Pakistan Forests Institute and Forests & Wildlife Department KPK where they were mostly found eating plant matter, invertebrate animals such as worms, insects, small mammals, eggs of young birds and reptile. We recorded damage sites in the study area and divided the study area into 10 sample units. We also took photographs and GPS Coordinates of those places during our frequent visits which are given in Figure 2. Besides, wild boar Rubbing and Scent Marking signs were also observed in various trees in the samples of study.

Management & Recommendations:-
Forests & Wildlife Department KPK should explore the possibilities for Wild Boar Safari Hunting by foreigners, of course the muslims cannot use the money earned from such hunting programme but that money can be used for providing social benefits to the non-muslims of the area where animals were shot, this may encourage local nonmuslims to participate more actively in Safari Hunting Programmes, overseas markets are also available in nonmuslim countries for the sale of wild boar meat, hides and bristles. Moreover, to mitigate the pest intensity of Wild Boar in any area Wild Boar Control Committees should be constituted. Besides, the distribution and abundance of wild boar should be frequently surveyed with the objective to find damage control.

Results & Discussions:-
The conflicts between human being and Wild Boar are common and include variety problems such as transmission of disease among livestock, attacks on domestic animals and human being, damaging forest and agriculture crops. Moreover, wild boar also competes for food and space with native wildlife species. Furthermore, the physical activities of the wild boar also cause the compaction of soil in the habitat which in turn disrupts the water infiltration and nutrient cycling in the soil and leaves dramatic effect on water course around the waterline. This work further needs the analysis of population size, density, distribution of wild boar because increasing population densities of wild boar have led to growing damage rates. We suggest that management strategies for controlling and reducing population size which should be a realistic approach, to be actual these approaches must be focused across all the Siran Forest Division District Mansehra, KPK.