Journal of Advanced Zoology is a journal devoted to experimental and comparative animal science. It presents a common forum for all scientists who take an explicitly organism oriented and integrative approach to the study of animal form, function, development and evolution. The journal invites papers that take a comparative or experimental approach to behavior and neurobiology, functional morphology, evolution and development, ecological physiology, and cell biology. Due to the increasing realization that animals exist only within a partnership with symbionts, Journal of Advanced zoology encourages submissions of papers focused on the analysis of holobionts or metaorganisms as associations of the macroscopic host in synergistic interdependence with numerous microbial and eukaryotic species. ISSN: 0253-7214 | Frequency: Continuous | Nature: Online | Language of Publication: English | Article Processing Charges: 999 USD
ASSOC ADVANCEMENT ZOOLOGY , AZADANAGAR COLONY RUSTAMPUR, GORAKHPUR, INDIA, 273001
Interaction Of Aedes Mosquitoes, Gut Symbiotic Bacteria, And Dengue Virus: A Review
Aedes mosquitoes are vectors for various disease-causing organisms, including Dengue, Chikungunya, Yellow Fever, Zika virus, and other arboviruses. Mosquitoes, including Aedes, inhabit a rich gut microbial community. These gut symbiotic bacteria affect mosquito physiology in different ways. Viral infection regulation strategies depend on controlling vectors through different means, such as chemically, Environmentally, and Biologically. Several recent studies show the use of gut microbial communities to prevent mosquito-borne diseases by controlling the vector. The midgut microbiota differs according to various parameters, including mosquito sex, life stage, and surrounding environmental conditions. This review describes the interaction between the Aedes mosquito, its gut bacteria, and the Dengue virus, highlighting recent advances in research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Narendra Kumar, Suresh Kumar Patel, Ram Kumar, Asok Kumar Chaubey https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis Of Biomagnification Of Pesticide, Hematological Biochemical Lethal Effcts On Pesticide Toxicity Fresh Water Streams Fingerlings Of Punitus Denisinii (Day,1865)
The Indian fresh water stream fish Punitus denisinii was exposed cypermethrin pesticide. high usage of pesticide in the experiment were determined as sublethal and median lethal concentration at 96hr of exposer. These LC50value indicate that cypermethrin is highly toxic to fish, significant changes observed like respiratory, hematological biochemical and enzymological parameter in fish were observed. The effect of cypermethrin the decrease in acid phosphatase in liver suggested the un coupling of phosphorylation by toxicity acid phosphatase were significant decrease in liver tissue when composed to those of muscle and gills in the fish Punitus denisinii collected from industrial polluted fresh water streams.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr.S. Kalaimani, Dr. R.V. Kalaimathi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morphological Analysis Of Four Pill-Millipedes Of The Genus Arthrosphaera In Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve Of Southern Western Ghats Of Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India.
In the phylum Arthropoda, millipedes are categorised as Diplopoda. The goal of the current study was to investigate the diversity and distribution of pill millipedes, which are abundant in the KMTR of Tamil Nadu's Southern Western Ghats. A total number of four pill millipede samples Arthrosphaera brandtii (Humbert, 1865), Arthrosphaera dalyi (Pocock, 1895), Arthrosphaera hendersoni (Pocock, 1895), Arthrosphaera magna (Attems, 1936) belonging to order Sphaerotheriida and family belongs to Arthrospharidae also of four genera were annotate from the forest and tropical of KMTR of Southern Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu. According to these findings, pill millipede conservation and the checklist would be greatly improved by additional research. For precise identification and keys, the current study defined the morphological characteristics of each millipede.
Copyright (c) 2025 Usha. B, Vasanthi. K https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hospital-Driven Antimicrobial Resistance: A Comprehensive Evidence-Based Synthesis Of Drivers, Transmission, And Control Strategies
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most important global public health concerns of the twenty-first century, and hospital settings play a critical role in the emergence, amplification, and dissemination of drug-resistant illnesses. Healthcare facilities offer the ideal conditions for the selection and spread of resistance due to the concentration of vulnerable patient groups, widespread use of antibiotics, invasive procedures, and complex care pathways. This study evaluates the effectiveness of hospital-based management strategies and offers a comprehensive, evidence-based summary of the ways in which hospitals fuel antibiotic resistance. A PRISMA-informed evidence synthesis assisted by Litmaps citation-network analysis was used to locate and examine recent and significant literature from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Crossref-indexed sources. Twenty-five papers that met the inclusion criteria were subjected to a qualitative synthesis. The primary hospital-specific drivers of resistance found in the analysis include inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing, selective pressure from broad-spectrum agents, inadequate infection prevention and control (IPC) practices, environmental contamination, and healthcare-associated transmission through patients, healthcare personnel, and shared equipment. High-priority pathogens like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, and Clostridium difficile are highlighted because of their disproportionate role in healthcare-associated infections, prolonged hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, and mortality. Numerous studies show that antimicrobial stewardship programs are the most effective hospital-based approach for reducing antibiotic use and resistance rates. Although IPC bundles, surveillance systems, rapid diagnosis, and environmental cleaning all cooperate to limit transmission pathways, their results vary based on the resources, infrastructure, and adherence of each location. Underappreciated elements that contribute to the persistence of resistance include environmental reservoirs and intra-hospital transmission networks. This synthesis emphasizes that hospital-driven AMR is a systemic problem that cannot be solved by isolated initiatives. Coordinated, context-specific actions combining antimicrobial stewardship, robust IPC, environmental control, and surveillance are essential to reducing the incidence of drug-resistant diseases and preserving the effectiveness of currently available antimicrobials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Birupaksha Biswas, Dr. Damini Joshi, Dr. Twinkle Bharatbhai Patel, Dr. Angel Saluja, Dr Vaishnavi Raundal, Shalom Shungu Chakaringa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spatial And Seasonal Variation In Population Dynamics Of Gram Pod Borer, Helicoverpa Armigera (Hübner) Infestations On Chickpea In Tropical Climatic Condition, India
Helicoverpa armigera, commonly known as the gram pod borer, is a major pest that poses a significant threat to chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivation across India, especially in the Rabi season. This study was conducted during the 2023 to 2024 and 2024 to 2025 two consecutive Rabi seasons in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India, intending to map the temporal and spatial distribution of H. armigera infestations and examine their relationship with key weather variables. Weekly larval counts were recorded from the 5th to the 14th Standard Meteorological Week (SMW). The weather parameters, including temperature, relative humidity and rainfall, were documented and statistically analyzed. The results revealed that H. armigera larval activity began in the 5th SMW and peaked consistently in the 12th SMW during both years, coinciding with the flowering and pod-setting stages of the chickpea crop. Correlation analysis indicated a significant positive association between larval population and maximum and minimum temperatures (r = 0.624 to 0.716) as well as relative humidity (r = 0.750 to 0.873). Rainfall showed no significant influence on pest population dynamics, highlighting the dominance of thermal and humidity-related triggers in the Rabi season. These findings underscore the need for early pest surveillance and climate-informed pest management strategies. The study recommends initiating field monitoring from the 5th SMW and implementing timely interventions based on weather trends to minimize crop losses. The insights also support the development of region-specific pest forecasting models, which can empower farmers with early warning tools and improve the precision of integrated pest management (IPM) programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Akhilesh Tripathi, Vivek Kumar Srivastav, Amitabh Chandra Dwivedi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
“A STUDY ON CORELATION MATRIX OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER IN BANSAGAR DAM, SHAHDOL, MADHYA PRADESH, INDIA”
The physico-chemical parameter correlation matrix of the Bansagar Dam (Nov. 2014–Oct. 2015) indicates significant relationships between environmental factors affecting the water quality and productivity of the dam. The air and water temperatures are strongly correlated, reflecting atmospheric control on the water temperature. Transparency and DO₂ decrease with increasing temperatures, while conductivity, TDS, and alkalinity rise owing to increased mineral dissolution and evaporation processes. DO₂ has a positive correlation with transparency but negative correlations with temperature and conductivity, which shows that more transparent and colder water contains more oxygen. Conductivity, hardness, and alkalinity are highly correlated, indicating the prevailing carbonate bicarbonate buffering system. Nutrient parameters (ammonia, nitrate, and phosphate) have high internal correlations and negative correlations with transparency, which is in line with nutrient enrichment and eutrophication tendencies. Reactive silica&#39;s negative correlation with ionic parameters suggests biological utilization or dilution effects, while sodium, potassium, and sulphate suggest geological inputs and anthropogenic influence. In general, the correlation analysis implies temperature, ionic concentration, and nutrient enrichment as the principal factors influencing the water quality dynamics of Bansagar Dam. These interdependencies suggest a mesotrophic to slightly eutrophic condition with moderate productivity, nutrient enrichment, and significant seasonal fluctuation in physico-chemical and biological processes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Baghel Sakharam, Kushwaha Kumar Santosh, Baghel Sakharam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study Of Economic Conditions And Challenges Of Fishermen In Ganga–Gomati Rivers
The present study examines the economic conditions and challenges faced by traditional fishermen inhabiting the Ganga–Gomati river basin. Fishing remains a primary source of livelihood for these communities, yet their socio-economic well-being is under persistent threat due to multiple environmental, institutional, and market-related factors. The study highlights pressing issues such as declining fish resources caused by overfishing, habitat degradation, and water pollution, which directly affect fishermen’s income and food security. Market exploitation by intermediaries, lack of access to modern infrastructure, inadequate financial support, and bureaucratic hurdles further aggravate their vulnerability. Climate change-induced floods, droughts, and shifting river ecology have disrupted traditional fishing cycles and livelihoods. In addition, technological displacement by mechanized boats and the erosion of cultural traditions are weakening community resilience. The study emphasizes that strengthening market linkages, promoting sustainable fishing practices, improving access to credit and government schemes, and supporting livelihood diversification are essential to enhance economic resilience. Collaborative interventions from government bodies, NGOs, and local institutions are crucial for securing both the livelihoods and cultural identity of fishing communities in the Ganga–Gomati rivers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hira Yadav, Indiwar Ratna Pathak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effects Of Urbanization On Local Wildlife Populations
Rapid urbanization is one of the most pervasive forms of land-use change worldwide, profoundly reshaping ecological processes and wildlife populations. While numerous empirical studies document biodiversity declines in urban environments, existing research remains fragmented, often focusing on isolated variables or single taxa, with limited integration of underlying mechanisms. This study develops a comprehensive conceptual framework to explain how urbanization influences local wildlife populations through interacting ecological, behavioral, and spatial pathways. Drawing on principles from landscape ecology, disturbance ecology, and socio-ecological systems theory, the framework conceptualizes urbanization as a multidimensional process encompassing physical habitat transformation, human activity intensity, sensory pollution, and resource redistribution. The study identifies key mechanistic pathways, including habitat fragmentation, altered species interactions, behavioral modification, and trophic restructuring, that collectively drive population-level responses. The framework highlights the importance of nonlinear dynamics, threshold effects, and species-specific traits such as behavioral flexibility and ecological specialization in determining urban tolerance. To advance empirical research, the study formulates a set of testable propositions linking urban intensity to changes in wildlife abundance, community composition, and functional diversity. Beyond theoretical contributions, the framework offers practical insights for conservation planning by emphasizing the role of habitat connectivity, green infrastructure, and biodiversity-sensitive urban design. By integrating diverse mechanisms into a unified, testable model, this study provides a foundation for future empirical validation and supports evidence-based strategies aimed at promoting coexistence between urban development and wildlife in rapidly urbanizing landscapes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Archana Shailesh Patel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Landscape of Cognitive Science: A Comprehensive Review
Cognitive science is a dynamic discipline that examines the complex mental processes connecting perception and action. It draws from a rich range of fields, including philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology. The foundation of progress in cognitive science lies in the collaborative interaction among these various disciplines, enhancing our ability to solve the mysteries of the human mind, utilise its potential for practical uses, and effectively tackle cognitive challenges. Advancing knowledge and exploration in cognitive science is crucial for gaining a deeper understanding of ourselves and the complexities of our brains. Furthermore, the relationship between the mind and the environment is expected to usher in a new era of enhanced well-being and technological innovation. A central element of this effort is interdisciplinary education, which is vital in developing the next generation of cognitive scientists. Equipping them with a broad spectrum of skills prepares them for success in a continuously evolving and expanding field. The interdisciplinary approach is also essential for addressing the ethical aspects of cognitive science. Additionally, interdisciplinary education plays a key role in preparing future cognitive scientists. Providing students with various techniques and knowledge from multiple disciplines enhances their problem-solving abilities. It fosters pioneering spirits, enabling them to navigate the complex landscape of cognitive science with creativity and innovation. This educational model equips them to confront the field's challenges directly and to develop innovative solutions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aanchal Sharma, Swati Pal, Tanushree Sharma, Madhu Yashpal, Kuntal, Parminder Kaur Narang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
"Incidence and Characterization of Insect Pest Damage on the Tropical Fruit Plant Ziziphus jujuba Mill. In Maharashtra, India"
An extensive field survey was conducted to assess the seasonal incidence and ecological relationship of insect pests associated with Ber (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) plantations in the Solapur district of Maharashtra. The survey covered all 11 tehsils of the district, with four distinct Ber plantation sites selected in each tehsil. The study was carried out over a period of three years, from January 2022 to December 2024. Observations were primarily recorded during the rainy and winter seasons, which coincide with the fruiting phase of the crop. A total of 23 insect pest species were documented as being associated with Ber in the study area. Among these, six species were identified as major pests due to their significant impact on the crop, while the remaining 17 were categorized as minor pests. The present investigation highlights the diversity of insect pests infesting Ziziphus jujuba in the Solapur region and provides detailed insights into the nature and extent of damage caused by these pests.
Copyright (c) 2025 P.R. Gaikwad, A. R. Bhusnar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Decadal study of Bivalve diversity along the coast of the Maharashtra coastline
The Maharashtra coast is an active and diverse collection of the bivalves species under the influence of various habitats, hydrodynamic and anthropogenic pressures. The study is a decadal research review of spatial and temporal dynamics in bivalve diversity in large coastal areas (estuaries, mangrove ecosystems and sandy beaches, and rocky intertidal environments). Community structure was measured using systematic sampling, species lists, and ecological measures including Shannon-Wiener diversity, Simpson dominance and evenness as calculated by Pielou. Findings have shown that there are significant changes of species richness and a general decrease in sensitive taxa with regions that have undergone coastal development, pollution and sediment change. On the other hand, comparatively undisturbed locations maintained or grew in diversity and the diversity of some bivalve assemblage highlighted the resilience and adaptive ability of specific assemblages. The long-term curves also indicate that species are shifting their ranges due to climatic changes in the salinity and temperature of the sea, with some taxa either increasing, or reducing by the decade. The analysis also demonstrates the new trends of homogenization of the community in the disturbed habitats, which points to the possible impact on the ecosystem. On the whole, these results indicate that there is a need to continue with the monitoring of biodiversity and manage the coastal zones as one means to preserve ecologically and economically significant bivalve populations. The dataset that was achieved in the course of this work offers a crucial foundation of future ecological modelling and empowers evidence-based policy interventions to the conservation of coastal ecosystems in Maharashtra coast.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Pandit Rahul N. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Arthropods Biodiversity In And Around Ramtek Region, Maharashtra, India
Ramtek is situated in the Nagpur district of Vidarbha, Maharashtra, on the northern edge of the Deccan Plateau. This region is characterized by a wide variety of bioclimatic and geographical variables. The region is characterized by a mosaic of diverse ecosystems encompassing deciduous forests, scrublands, agricultural fields, and freshwater bodies, which harbor a rich variety of insect life for ecological and conservation research. Ramtek is situated in the Nagpur district of Vidarbha, Maharashtra, on the northern edge of the Deccan Plateau. The present study was carried out in and around Ramtek region of Maharashtra India. Total five spots were identified and study was undertaken in forest area, lake side area, agricultural farm, college campus and open land area of various vegetation. The study was conducted from January to April 2025 period. The collected insects were identified and maintain the record in tabulated form for analysis. Results shown that lepidopteran species were dominant followed by Odonata, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Isoptera etc. The objective of this study is to evaluate the dominance and abundance of various arthropods population in different region of Ramtek.
Copyright (c) 2025 V. D. Raut, P. P. Damahe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Histopathological and Biochemical Changes in Fish Liver Under Environmental Stress: A Case Study of Labeo rohita
This study investigates the histopathological and biochemical changes in the liver of Labeo rohita (Rohu) under environmental stress, with a particular focus on the effects of oxidative stress. The liver, being a central organ in detoxification and metabolic processes, is highly susceptible to environmental changes such as pollution, temperature fluctuations, and low oxygen levels. In this study, we assess the histopathological alterations in liver tissues and measure key biochemical markers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, to determine the extent of oxidative stress. The findings highlight significant liver damage and alterations in antioxidant enzyme activity in response to environmental stressors, suggesting a close relationship between oxidative damage and liver function in fish. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the physiological adaptations of Labeo rohita to environmental changes and underscore the potential of liver biomarkers for monitoring fish health in polluted aquatic environments.
Copyright (c) 2022 Vijeta Chaturvedi, Sweta Pandey, Arvind Kumar Upadhyay, Dev Brat Mishra, Jitendra Kumar Dubey https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formulation Of Fish Feed Using Vermi Wash Fish Pellets Prepared From Recycled Kitchen Organic Waste And Feed Tilapia (Oreochromis Mossambicus) To Increase Fish Growth Under Controlled Condition.
Fish farming is hailed by some as a solution to the overfishing problem. However, these farms are far from benign and can severely damage ecosystems by introducing diseases, pollutants and invasive species. The damage caused by fish farms varies, depending on the type of fish, how it is raised and fed, the size of the production, and where the farm is located. analyzing the nutrient quality and improve in future and further research of our vermi wash fish pellets we can make informed decisions about using it as a soil amendment and fertilizer to support healthy fish growth and improve fish production in our indoor rearing center and ornamental fish rearing center.
Copyright (c) 2025 S. Kalaimani, K. Shenkani, R.V. Kalaimathi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spider diversity and the impact of ecologically dominant species on insect pests of rice and wheat crops
Spiders are an abundant and species-rich taxon of generalist predators that can affect herbivore populations and ecosystem functioning in agroecosystems. The present study was focused on the diversity and abundance of agroecosystem-inhabiting spiders and their impact on insect pests of rice and wheat crops. The crop fields were visited weekly to record spider diversity by the all-out search, sweep net and the pitfall trap methods. Fourteen species of spiders and six species of insect herbivores were recorded in the rice and wheat cropping systems. The lynx spider, Oxyopes javanus and the web-making, Neoscona theisi and Tetragnatha javana were the ecologically dominant, arboreal species, while Pardosa sumatrana, an epigeal lycosid spider, was the dominant, ground-dwelling species, in both cropping systems. Furthermore, to highlight the impact of these four ecologically dominant species of spiders on insect pests of crops, We propose estimates of the biomass of annually killed insect pests. In the event of an anticipated abundant prey availability, the annual prey kills of these four spider species were estimated to be in the range of »3-8 kg (fresh weight) over the entire cultivated field (Area= 65 ha). The assessment of the estimated annual insect pests kill and the comparative impact of spider predation in the annual agroecosystems will help in expanding the approach of conservation biological control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abhinav Mishra, Neelkamal Rastogi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
“Impacts of Anthropogenic Factors on Nesting Behaviour of Olive Ridley Turtles at Ratnagiri Coast”
Anthropogenic factors such as the spread of non-degradable waste and sewage disposal can significantly influence the nesting behaviour of Olive Ridley Turtles. To assess these anthropogenic threats to olive Ridley turtle nesting sites on the Ratnagiri coast of Maharashtra, a study was conducted during the breeding seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21. Beach profiling and non-biodegradable waste ground cover were examined across 11 beaches in the Ratnagiri District. The study revealed that many resorts discharge their wastewater and non-biodegradable solid waste directly onto the beaches. Additionally, ocean currents contribute to waste accumulation during ebb and flow. Consequently, female turtles tend to avoid these sewage-prone beach areas for nesting. While non-degradable ground cover litter was present, it did not show a significant association with nesting density. Therefore, to mitigate these anthropogenic impacts on nesting Olive Ridley sea turtles, the implementation of strict sewage and waste disposal regulations is a crucial and immediate step towards protecting these vulnerable nesting sites along the Ratnagiri coast.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amol. R. Handore, Ravindra. N. Bhavare https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A STATISTICAL AND MICROBIAL STUDY: ROSE FLOWER WASTE INTO BIOETHANOL
Shri Alpesh N Patel Post Graduate Institute of Science and Research, affiliated to Sardar Patel University, Anand, Gujarat, India
Copyright (c) 2025 Kiri Bhavya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Mass Gathering Event on Water Quality of Holy Ganga River During Mahakumbh-2025 at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
The present study investigates the impact of mass bathing during Mahakumbh 2025 on the water quality of the River Ganga at two key sampling points Sangam and Daraganj in Prayagraj. Water samples were collected and analyzed before (January 8), during (January 13 to February 26), and after (February 28) the Mahakumbh event. Parameters including water temperature (WT), transparency, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), chloride content, and electrical conductivity (EC) were monitored. The results revealed noticeable temporal variations across several parameters, particularly during peak bathing days. During Mahakumbh, transparency and TDS levels fluctuated significantly, indicating increased turbidity and pollutant load due to mass gatherings. DO levels generally decreased while BOD increased on key bathing days, especially on February 3 and 6, suggesting a decline in water quality due to organic load. A slight decrease in pH and increases in TH and chloride concentrations were also observed at both sites during the event. Post-Mahakumbh (Feb 28), some recovery in parameters like DO and transparency was evident, though not uniformly across all indicators.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nutan Shukla, Neha Singh, Kiran Gupta, Mirza Zishan Beig, Birendra Kumar Savita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Review On Vocalization Of Birds For Identification, Associated Behavior, And Database Development.
Birds play a crucial role in ecosystems by occupying almost every habitat and serving at multiple trophic levels, making them reliable indicators of environmental health. Birds communicate with each other by producing sounds. This bird’s vocalization is associated with different behaviors, making it a useful tool for monitoring populations and measuring the biodiversity. Birds have a special organ for the vocalization. Both male and female songbirds use vocalizations to deliver specific information to the receiver. The bird vocalization is classified into calls and songs. Calls have a large functionality and 10 different call categories such as alarm, flight, feeding, etc. A spectrogram is a visualization of sounds and can be used to visualize the frequencies over time. The point–count method is one of the most popular techniques for surveying birds based on vocalization. Autonomous recording units (ARUs) are a new technology for studying and monitoring animals' vocalizations. A review paper presents the review of the vocalization of birds for identification, associated behavior, and database development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sachin Debaje https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Habitat Response of Obligatory Grassland Birds In Irrigated and Rainfed Agricultural Landscapes of Solapur District, Maharashtra, India
The Indian subcontinent supports approximately 13% of the world's avian diversity, yet certain regions remain understudied, particularly the Deccan Peninsula. This region, characterized by extensive grassland and savanna ecosystems, encompasses 33% of the Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs) and 31% of the Important Bird Areas (IBAs) within the subcontinent. Among the key regions for grassland avifauna, the Solapur district is of significant ecological importance, particularly for the conservation of the Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps) and other grassland-obligate bird species. However, increasing anthropogenic pressures—including intensive agricultural practices, shifts in cropping patterns, overgrazing, urban expansion, and infrastructure development—have contributed to extensive habitat degradation over recent decades. These transformations have negatively impacted grassland bird populations, particularly obligate species adapted to open landscapes. This study examined the habitat associations of obligate grassland bird species in response to rainfed and irrigated agricultural landscapes in the Solapur district. Findings indicate a positive correlation between obligate species and grassland or dryland agricultural cover, whereas irrigated agricultural areas and human settlements were associated with a decline in these species. These results highlight the critical need for systematic, long-term ecological studies to inform conservation management strategies and policy interventions aimed at preserving grassland-specialist bird species within this rapidly transforming landscape.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lokhande A. S, Bhusnar A. R, Bajaru S. B., Patil S. R. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
“A STUDY ON SEASONAL VARIATION AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN BANSAGAR DAM”
Hydrological changes and riverine fauna serve as key indicators of river health. In India, the natural flow of rivers has been heavily modified by dams and water diversions to meet agricultural and power demands, often neglecting the fisheries sector. These alterations have degraded aquatic ecosystems, disrupted breeding cycles of important species especially large carps and severely affected the livelihoods of river- dependent communities. The present study was carried out in the Bansagar Dam, Shahdol district, Madhya Pradesh, India for Seasonal Variation and Species Composition of Phytoplankton, in which it can be concluded that The phytoplankton community of Bansagar Dam comprised four major groups Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, and Euglenophyceae with over 25 recorded species. Chlorophyceae was the most dominant and species-rich group, peaking in summer (542 org/l) due to favorable temperature and light conditions. Bacillariophyceae showed moderate abundance, indicating good water quality, while Cyanophyceae increased in nutrient- rich summer conditions, suggesting eutrophication trends. Euglenophyceae were least abundant, occurring mainly in slightly polluted waters. Overall, phytoplankton diversity and abundance were highest in summer and lowest in winter, indicating a mesotrophic to slightly eutrophic nature of the Bansagar Dam ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2025 Baghel Sakharam, Kushwaha Kumar Santosh, Alone Kumar Mahendra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Butterflies are included under insects as the Papilionoidea superfamily. They are attracted by their bright and beautiful appearance. They have classified many species depending upon their habitat, behaviour and nature. This paper gives a brief data about the butterflies present in Mysore, Karnataka, India in Monsoon season during the month from May to July. The article aims at giving the importance of butterflies in nature and their role in maintenance of the ecosystem with specific points. Furthermore, there are a number of different butterflies mentioned which belong to different families with explanations about their characteristics and nature in the surrounding area. Thus, this data plays a vital role as a guide for the identification of butterflies. The photography was done from the month May to July-2025 in Mysore Region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Spandana Rameshwar, Umesha S https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness Of Nylon Net Fencing In Enclosing And Safeguarding Protection Area Of Sundarban Tiger Reserve
Context: The Sundarban Tiger Reserve (STR), a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the world's largest tidal flat, had faced intense human-wildlife conflict, primarily involving the Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris). Tigers' encroachment into adjacent human settlements triggers this conflict, leading to human deaths and tigers' retaliatory killings. In response, the management of the Sundarban Tiger Reserve (STR) is critical, with 108 km of nylon net fencing being installed at the forest-village interface, especially along the tidal river banks and along the forest edge. Aims: This study evaluates the effectiveness of this low-cost nylon net fencing physical barrier in mitigating HWC and safeguarding the designated protection areas by restricting tiger movement. Methods: Data suggests a dramatic reduction in tiger straying incidents in villages (from approximately 25–30 cases per year to nearly 0) following the widespread implementation of nylon net fencing. Key Results: The fencing, often supported by bamboo or more durable cement concrete posts, functions as a psychological and physical deterrent. Conclusions: However, challenges persist regarding the long-term maintenance of the fence in the dynamic estuarine environment, such as community engagement and alternative livelihood programs. Implications: The study concludes that the nylon net fencing is a highly effective, cost-efficient, and critical intervention in the STR's integrated conservation strategy, provided it is supported by a rigorous maintenance protocol and community cooperation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anik Biswas, Ranjana Gupta, Jones Justin, Sankar Sekhar Biswas, A. Goswami, Sukanta Biswas, Sapna Bhargava https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Marine Ecosystem Protection: Strategies for Sustainable Development and Biodiversity Conservation
Marine ecosystems are vital to the health of the planet, providing critical ecological, economic, and cultural services that sustain life on earth. This review underscores the ecological importance of marine biodiversity, analyses major threats like overfishing, pollution, and climate change, and proposes innovative solutions including satellite technology, AI, and interdisciplinary cooperation to safeguard marine ecosystems for sustainable development. Emphasizing on the interconnections between ocean health, environmental protection, and sustainable development, the study highlights innovative solutions such as sustainable fishing practices, marine habitat restoration, and advanced technologies for monitoring and conservation. The role of community engagement and public awareness in fostering sustainable marine management is also discussed. By synthesizing current knowledge and future prospects, this review underscores the urgent need for integrated global efforts to safeguard marine ecosystems and align their protection with the broader goals of sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vaishali, Shivam Pandey, Swati Bisht, Apoorva Singh, Charu Saklani, Shefalee Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Marine Zooplankton Diversity In Mumbai’s Coastline, Maharashtra, India.
In the present work, we carried out the diversity of Zooplankton in some selected coastal areas of Mumbai coasts like Aksa beach, Versova beach, Manori beach, Girgaon Chowpatty and Elephanta caves from 22 September 2022 to 26 February 2023. The Zooplanktons were collected in the interval of 10-15 days from each site. As Zooplankton are present on the surface during the day, the collections were done during the day by using a Zooplankton hand net. Each site had different geographical condition, which includes high current, sandy and muddy shore, and different tide levels. A total of 28 species were found during the study of these 5 stations; we found 6 orders and 17 families of Zooplankton. Among these species, copepods and foraminifera are the most dominant groups of holoplankton. The highest diversity of Zooplankton was seen in Aksa, Versova, Manori, while the lowest observed at Elephanta Caves and Girgaon.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sundaram Ojha, Rupesh Yadav https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Coral Diversity Assessment in Kavaratti Island, Lakshadweep Archipelago, India: Implications for Conservation
Coral reefs are the most biodiverse marine ecosystems, supporting intricate symbiotic relationships and contributing an estimated $9.9 trillion annually to global benefits. Despite their ecological and economic significance, coral reefs are under severe threat, with 27% already lost and a 14% decline in coral cover over the last decade. India’s coral reefs cover around 2,374 sq.km, yet regions like Kavaratti Island in Lakshadweep remain understudied. Its geographic isolation presents a unique opportunity for biodiversity research, potentially revealing novel species traits and serving as a key reference for Indo-Pacific coral diversity. This study evaluates coral species diversity in Kavaratti Island to bridge gaps in regional coral fauna knowledge using the LIT (Line Intercept Transect) method. Fourteen hard coral species across five families were documented, with Acropora (n=6) as the dominant group, followed by Poritidae (n=4). Spatial analysis across three reef zones showed that the intermediate lagoon had the highest live coral cover (56.0%), while the inner reef had the highest mortality (66.7%). These findings offer critical baseline data to inform conservation planning, reef management, and climate resilience strategies for coral ecosystems in the Indian Ocean region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shikha Mahesh Goswami, A. A. Mohamed Hatha, Sivanpillai Sureshkumar, K.K. Idrees Babu, Riaz Sheriff, Prateek Dey https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Habitat utilization and preference of cyprinid fishes in the Western Ghats streams of South India
Freshwater ecosystems in the tropical regions are facing significant threats due to anthropogenic disturbances and habitat alterations. Tropical freshwater habitats comprise a fraction of the Earth's water and surface and are crucial for biodiversity as they house 40% of global fish diversity. This study focused on the biodiversity and habitat utilization of dominant cyprinid fish species across 21 streams in the Western Ghats. Field assessments indicated varying habitat characteristics and preferences among cyprinid species, with shallow pools and slow riffles being important for fish reproduction and survival. Over 2,700 fishes were collected, and species such as Hypselobarbus and Puntius favoured specific habitat types based on size and ecological needs. The analysis of habitat features showed strong associations with fish density, thus highlighting the diverse stream conditions for fish populations. Conservation measures are critical for threatened cyprinid species, as overfishing poses a threat to their survival. The necessity for immediate action by competent authorities and conservationists is emphasized to protect the vital ecosystems having the diverse fish species which ensures freshwater biodiversity sustenance in the Western Ghats.
Copyright (c) 2025 Paramasivan Sivakumar, Jegamohanan Anusha, J.C. Walter Devaa, N. Shanthipreya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0